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PRELIMINARY REMARK
First of all it should be noted that rights in rem can be rights of use (direitos reais de gozo) or rights of security (direitos reais de garantia).
Secondly, besides rights in rem over material objects, part of the doctrine defends the existence of rights in rem over immaterial objects.
Finally, in Portugal the law enshrines the principle of numerus clausus, or the exhaustive nature of rights in rem (Article 1306 of the Civil Code (Código Civil)).
RIGHTS THAT MAY BE SUBJECT TO SUCCESSION
The body of rights that do not expire on the death of their holder but continue beyond it may be subject to succession.
Article 2025 of the Portuguese Civil Code (Código Civil) states the following as regards what can be subject to succession:
‘1 - Legal relationships that are extinguished by the death of their respective owner, by reason of their nature or by force of law, are not subject to succession.
2 - Waivable rights may also be extinguished upon the death of the holder if the holder so provided.’
By way of example, usufruct and the right in rem of use and habitation are rights in rem that are extinguished by the death of their holder, by force of law (Articles 1476(1)(a) and 1485 of the Civil Code).
The current version of the Civil Code can be consulted in Portuguese at
http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=775&tabela=leis&so_miolo=&
With the exception of usufruct, of the right in rem of use and habitation, of rights in rem that fall under any of the situations provided for in Article 2025 of the Civil Code, or other cases specifically provided for in other legal provisions, as a rule the remaining rights in rem may be subject to succession.
There are limitations on certain rights, such as rights in rem concerning declared weapons, which can only be subject to succession under certain conditions referred to in Article 37 of the legal framework on weapons and ammunition (Regime Jurídico das Armas e Munições), which reads as follows:
‘1 - The acquisition by succession to the estate of a deceased person of any declared weapon is permitted by authorisation of the national director of the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (police force).
2 - For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the existence of weapons must be declared to the PSP within 90 days of the death of the previous owner, or on discovery of the weapons by whoever has them in their possession.
3 - The national director of the PSP may authorise the weapon to be registered in the name of the estate administrator until the partition of property of the deceased person, in which case it is mandatory to deposit the weapon in the custody of the PSP.
4 - In the event that the administrator of an estate or other heir meets the legal conditions for possession of the weapon, registration can be requested in their name, if it remains in their custody.
5 - On the application of the estate administrator, the weapon may be transferred to a party who meets the criteria for possessing it, the acquiring party being chosen by the interested party; or the weapon may be sold at auction by the PSP, with the value of the conveyance, net of charges, paid to the estate.
6 - After partition is complete, the weapon will be given to the beneficiary heir, provided they meet the legal conditions for possessing it.
7 - After 10 years without any claim on the property, it will be declared forfeited to the State.’
The legal framework on weapons and ammunition approved by Law No 5/2006 of 23 February 2006 can be consulted in Portuguese at http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=692&tabela=leis&so_miolo=
RIGHTS IN REM OF USE
The law provides for the following rights in rem of use (Articles 1302 to 1575 of the Civil Code and legal framework on timesharing (Regime Jurídico da Habitação Periódica) referred to below):
The legal framework on timesharing was approved by Decree-Law No 275/93 of 5 August 1993, which can be consulted in Portuguese at http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=648&tabela=leis
RIGHTS IN REM RELATING TO GUARANTEES
The Civil Code provides for the following rights in rem relating to guarantees:
RIGHTS IN REM OVER MATERIAL OBJECTS
Article 1302 of the Civil Code provides that only movable or immovable material objects (including water) can be subject to the right of ownership governed by that code.
RIGHTS IN REM OVER IMMATERIAL OBJECTS
Article 1303 of the Civil Code refers to intellectual property, which is in turn governed by the Industrial Property Code (Código da Propriedade Industrial). Part of the doctrine establishes that intellectual property is a concept that incorporates copyright and related rights, and industrial property. Portuguese law maintains the two denominations: intellectual property (in the Civil Code) and industrial property (in the Industrial Property Code).
According to Article 2 of the Industrial Property Code, the fisheries, agriculture, forestry, livestock and the extractive industries, industry and trade in the strict sense, as well as all natural or manufactured products and services, fall within the scope of industrial property.
The doctrine is not unanimous as to whether national law accepts the right of ownership and other rights in rem over immaterial objects, e.g. ownership of a commercial establishment or intellectual property. This matter is subject to interpretation by the courts.
The Industrial Property Code governs rights to patents, utility models, semiconductor products, designs, trade marks, rewards, logos, designations of origin and geographical indications, as well as their modification and transfer.
Rights arising from patents and utility models, as well as records of topographies of semiconductor products, designs and trade marks, and other distinctive trade signs may be given as pledges – Article 6 of the Industrial Property Code.
The current version of the Industrial Property Code can be consulted in Portuguese at
With respect to commercial companies, succession to rights over participating interests or shareholdings due to the death of one of the partners and the requirements thereof are regulated in the Companies Code (Código das Sociedades Comerciais), namely:
The current version of the Commercial Companies Code can be consulted in Portuguese at
http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=524&tabela=leis&so_miolo=&
Yes, as a rule these rights are recorded in a register, as explained below.
LAND REGISTRY OFFICES
At Land Registry Offices (Conservatórias do Registo Predial), acts relating to the legal status of buildings are recorded, including the following rights in rem (Articles 1 and 2 of the Land Registry Code (Código de Registo Predial)):
It is mandatory to record the facts cited above, with the exception of those listed under Article 8-A of the Land Registry Code.
Pursuant to Article 687 of the Civil Code, the mortgage must be registered, or will not otherwise be recognised in relation to the parties.
The conditions for the registration of land are specified in the following legal provisions of the Land Registry Code:
The Land Registry Code can be consulted in Portuguese at: http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=488&tabela=leis
More detailed information on land, commercial and motor vehicle registration applications, such as how to send the application, the requirements and services, is available online at https://justica.gov.pt/
COMMERCIAL REGISTRY OFFICES
At Commercial Registry Offices, acts intended to publicise the legal status of individual traders, commercial companies, civil law associations in commercial form and individual establishments with limited liability are recorded. The registration of certain acts concerning the legal status of cooperatives, public undertakings, complementary groups of undertakings and European economic interest groupings is also recorded at Commercial Registry Offices.
The acts set out in Article 15 of the Commercial Registry Code (Código de Registo Comercial) must be recorded in the register at Commercial Registry Offices, namely:
‘Article 15 (Acts subject to mandatory registration)
1 - The registration of the acts referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c) and (e) to (z) of Article 3(1) and (2), Article 4, Article 5(a), (e) and (f), Articles 6, 7 and 8 and Article 10(c) and (d), is mandatory.
2 - Except as provided for in the following paragraphs, registration of the acts referred to in the preceding paragraph must be requested within two months of the date of issue.
3 - The acts referred to in Article 5(a), (e) and (f) must be requested within two months of the date of publication of the decree determining them.
4 - The application for registration of company accounts and the accounts of individual establishments with limited liability must be made by the 15th day of the seventh month following the end of the financial year.
5 - The actions, decisions, procedures and precautionary measures provided for in Article 9 are also subject to mandatory registration.
6 - The registration of the interim order is not mandatory if the application to register the requested precautionary measure has already been made, and the registration thereof is not mandatory if the application for registration of the main action has already been made.
7 - The registration of the actions and the interim orders for suspension of company resolutions must be requested within two months of the date of their proposal.
8 - The registration of final decisions pronounced in the actions and orders referred to in the preceding paragraph must be requested within two months of the final and unappealable decision.’
The conditions for registration in the commercial register are specified in Articles 28 to 53 of the Commercial Registry Code.
Pursuant to Article 32(1) and (2) of the Commercial Registry Code:
As regards fiscal obligations, under Article 51(1) of the Commercial Registry Code, no act subject to charges of a fiscal nature may be definitively registered without the tax duties being paid or secured.
The Commercial Registry Code can be consulted in Portuguese at http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=506&tabela=leis
REGISTRATION OF SECURITIES
The following, among others qualified as such by law, are eligible as securities:
Securities are in registered form (Article 52 of the Portuguese Securities Code (Código de Valores Mobiliário)).
The acquisition of securities, as well as the establishment, modification or extinction of usufruct, pledge or other legal situations that encumber securities are registered (as a rule with the issuing entity or with a management entity) and may be subject to succession.
The registration of securities, the registration entities, registration requirements, the effects of registration on the establishment, transfer and exercise of rights and succession to such rights, vary according to the categories of securities referred to above.
This matter is governed by the Portuguese Securities Code, approved by Decree-Law No 486/99 of 13 November 1999, the current version of which is available in Portuguese at
http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=450&so_miolo=&tabela=leis&nversao
REGISTRIES OF MOTOR VEHICLES
Facts relating to the legal status of motor vehicles and their trailers are recorded at Registries of Motor Vehicles (Conservatórias do Registo Automóvel).
For the purpose of registration, vehicles are considered to be motor vehicles and their trailers which, under the Highway Code (Código da Estrada), are subject to registration.
Article 117 of the Highway Code states which vehicles and trailers are subject to compulsory registration. The Highway Code approved by Decree-Law No 114/94 of 3 May 1994, in its current version, can be consulted in Portuguese at:
Article 5 of the Motor Vehicle Registration Code (Código de Registo Automóvel) provides for the following with respect to mandatory motor vehicle registration:
‘Article 5
1 - The following are subject to registration:
a) Right of ownership and to use of the vehicle;
b) Retention of title stipulated in contracts for the sale of motor vehicles;
c) The mortgage, modification and assignment thereof, as well as assignment of the degree of priority of the respective registration;
d) The financial lease and the transfer of rights arising therefrom;
e) Rental for a term exceeding one year, when the respective contract results in an expected transfer of ownership;
f) Allocation of the vehicle for rental without a driver;
g) The transfer of registered rights or credits and the pledge, attachment and seizure of such credits;
h) Attachment and any administrative measures that affect the free disposal of vehicles;
i) The burdens of inalienability and of residual taxation provided for in tax legislation;
j) The non-owner user;
k) Declaration of insolvency;
l) The expiry or modification of rights or charges previously registered, a change of composition of the name or denomination and the change of habitual residence or head office of the owners, usufructuaries and lessees of the vehicles;
m) Confiscation of a registration certificate in cases when so ordered by administrative and police authorities, as well as request for seizure and confiscation of vehicles provided for under the special procedure for the regularisation of ownership;
n) Confiscation in criminal proceedings;
o) Seizure of a vehicle under an administrative penal order, pursuant to Article 147(3) of the Highway Code, approved by Decree-Law No 114/94 of 3 May 1994, as amended;
p) Declaration of forfeiture of the vehicle to the State by order of a final court judgment;
q) Any other facts required to be registered by law.
2 - Registration of the acts referred to in points a), b), d), e), f) and i) of the preceding paragraph and registration of the change of name or denomination and habitual residence or head office of the owners, usufructuaries and lessees of the vehicles is mandatory.
3 - Registration of ownership, in the event of hereditary succession, is waived when the vehicle is intended to be transferred by the heir(s).’
Motor vehicles cannot be pledged – Article 8 of the Motor Vehicle Registration Code.
Motor vehicle registration requirements can be consulted at https://justica.gov.pt/Registos/Veiculos/Documentos-do-veiculo
Motor Vehicle Registration is governed by Decree-Law No 54/75 of 12 February 1975, which can be consulted at
http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=598&tabela=leis
Also of note is the Motor Vehicle Registration Regulation (Regulamento do Registo de Automóveis), governed by Decree-Law No 55/75 of 12 February 1975, which can be consulted at http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=606&tabela=leis
NATIONAL REGISTER OF AIRCRAFT
Aircraft or autonomous equipment (engine, rotor, propeller, etc.) must be registered on the National Register of Aircraft.
The application for registration is made using the form accompanied by the following documentation:
Documents issued in foreign countries must contain the signatures of persons duly notarised and legalised, with the Apostille affixed, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 3 and 4 of the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 abolishing the requirement of legalisation for foreign public documents, ratified by Decree-Law No 48450 dated 24 June 1968, or duly notarised and legalised by a Portuguese diplomatic or consular agent in that country.
Documents issued in Portugal by a legal entity must bear the signatures of the legal representatives recognised by law with the words ‘duly authorised in due exercise of their powers.’
Further information can be found on the website of the National Civil Aviation Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Aviação Civil) http://www.anac.pt/vPT/Generico/Aeronaves/RegistoAeronauticoNacional/RegistodeAeronaves/Paginas/RegistodeAeronaves.aspx
REGISTER OF VESSELS
The registration of vessels is governed by the General Regulation on Port Authorities (Regulamento Geral das Capitanias) – Decreto-Lei nº 265/72, de 31.7.1972 – in its most up-to-date version, which can be consulted at:
In addition, Decree-Law No 96/89 of 28 March1989 establishing the International Vessel Registry of Madeira and Ministerial Implementing Order No 715/89 of 23 August 1989, which governs certain aspects thereof, are applicable.
Under this legal framework:
The requirements for vessel registration are set out in Article 78 of the General Regulation on Port Authorities.
In particular, regarding the registration of vessels in the event of succession by death:
REGISTER OF WEAPONS
The legal framework on weapons and ammunition approved by Law No 5/2006 of 23 February 2006 can be consulted in Portuguese at http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?artigo_id=692A0037&nid=692&tabela=leis&pagina=1&ficha=1&so_miolo=&nversao=#artigo
Weapons and ammunition are subject to mandatory declaration and registration by the PSP (Public Security Police).
Succession by death is subject to the requirements set forth in Article 37 of the Legal Framework on Weapons and Ammunition referred to above.
REGISTRATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY takes place at the National Industrial Property Institute (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial).
The grant of patents, utility models, semiconductor products, and design or model, trade mark, reward or logo registrations, designation of origin and geographical indication registrations is made by the National Industrial Property Institute, to which the respective applications must be submitted.
The requirements and effects of the application for granting or registration are set forth in the Industrial Property Code for each of the above categories, without prejudice to the legislation of the European Union and applicable international conventions.
For practical information on how to submit and prepare a grant or registration application, the website of the National Industrial Property Institute can be consulted at http://www.marcasepatentes.pt/index.php?section=69
As a rule, the registration of rights in rem over immovable property is not constitutive of an entitlement in law. However, for other categories of property this rule may include exceptions provided for in special legal provisions.
EFFECTS OF LAND REGISTRATION
The effects associated with the registration of rights in rem over real estate are those provided for in Articles 4 to 7 of the Land Registry Code, as follows:
‘Article 4 (Effect between the parties)
1 - Acts subject to registration may be relied on as between the parties themselves or their heirs, even if they have not been registered.
2 - The above provision shall not apply to acts constituting a mortgage, the effect of which between the parties themselves depends on the registration being effected.’
Article 5 - (Enforceability on third parties)
1 - Acts subject to registration shall only produce effects against third parties after the date of their registration.
2- The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply in the following cases:
a) The acquisition, based on usucaption, of the rights referred to in Article 2(1)(a);
b) Apparent easements;
c) Acts relating to indeterminate goods, where these have not been duly stated and specified.
3 - Lack of registration cannot be enforced against the interested party by those who are obliged to promote such registration, nor by their heirs.
4 - For the purposes of registration, third parties are those who have acquired mutually incompatible rights from a common author.
5 - An unregistered lease of a duration of more than six years shall not be enforceable against third parties.’
‘Article 6 (Priority of registration)
1 - The first-registered right shall prevail over subsequently registered rights in respect of the same goods, in order of the date of the registrations and, on the same date, in the temporal order of the corresponding submissions.
2 - (Revoked).
3 - Registration that becomes definitive retains the priority it had when provisional.
4 - In the event of refusal, registration made following an appeal deemed well-founded retains the priority corresponding to the submission of the refused document.’
‘Article 7 (Presumptions arising from registration)
Definitive registration constitutes a presumption that the right exists and pertains to the registered holder, in the precise terms in which the registration defines it.’
EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL REGISTRATION
The effects of commercial registration derive essentially from the provisions of Articles 11 to 14 of the Commercial Registry Code, as follows:
‘Article 11 (Presumptions arising from registration)
Registration by definitive transcription constitutes a presumption that the legal situation exists, in the precise terms in which it is defined.’
‘Article 12 (Priority of registration)
The first-registered act shall prevail over subsequent acts, in respect of the same shares or company holdings, in the order of the respective application.’
‘Article 13 (Effect between the parties)
1 - Acts subject to registration may be relied on as between the parties themselves or their heirs, even if they have not been registered.
2 – Exceptions to the preceding paragraph are the companies’ instruments of incorporation and amendments thereto, to which the provisions of the Companies Code (Código das Sociedades Comerciais) and legislation on European public limited companies apply.’
‘Article 14 (Enforceability against third parties)
1 - Acts subject to registration shall only produce effects against third parties after the date of their registration.
2 - Acts subject to registration and mandatory publication in accordance with Article 70(2) shall only produce effects against third parties after the date of publication.
3 - Lack of registration cannot be enforced against the interested parties by their legal representatives on whom it is incumbent to promote such registration, nor by the heirs thereof.
4 - The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the provisions of the Companies Code and the legislation applicable to European public limited companies.’
EFFECTS OF THE REGISTRATION OF SECURITIES
The effects of registration of securities can be consulted in the aforementioned Securities Code (Código dos Valores Imobiliários) and vary according to the category of securities concerned. The registration may be constitutive of a right with respect to certain categories of securities (Article 73 of the aforementioned Securities Code).
EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION OF THE REMAINING CATEGORIES OF GOODS REFERRED TO ABOVE
The effects of the registration of weapons, aircraft, vessels, motor vehicles, intellectual or industrial property can be consulted in the special legislation already mentioned, for each of those categories of goods.
The legal provisions that can be applied to the adaptation of rights in rem in cases of succession are, in principle, Articles 15 of the Civil Code (e.g. when the adaptation is made by the court in a judicial process) and 43-A of the Land Registry Code (e.g. when the adaptation is made by the registrar in the deed of registration).
Article 15 of the Civil Code (Eligibility):
‘The competence assigned to a law covers only those rules which, by virtue of their content and function in that law, form part of the system of the doctrine referred to in the rule of conflict.’
Article 43-A of the Land Registry Code (evidence of foreign law)
‘Where the viability of the application for registration must be assessed on the basis of foreign law, the interested party must prove its content by means of an appropriate document,’
Besides these legal provisions, there are rules of interpretation developed by doctrine. According to these doctrinal rules, the broad concept of adaptation encompasses at least two different situations.
Adaptation in the strict sense, which can occur when there is a technical problem resulting from the application of two different laws on succession. For example, in the case of an adopted child whose adoptive and biological parents die, if the law of country X is applied to successions arising from the death of the adoptive parents, and the law of country Y arising from the death of the biological parents, this may lead to a result that is not intended by either of the legal systems concerned (e.g. the adopted child is, ultimately, heir of neither the adoptive parents nor the biological parents). The court must resolve this problem through adaptation.
Another situation, not adaptation in the strict sense of the word but rather substitution/transposition, occurs when a doctrine enshrined in another law is replaced by a doctrine known in the domestic legislation.
The concept of substitution/transposition provides a more fitting framework for cases of adaptation of rights in rem as referred to in Article 31 of Regulation No 650/2012. For example, the case of substituting the doctrine of ‘leasehold’ (enshrined in the law of another State but non-existent in Portuguese legislation) with the right in rem of superficies (enshrined in Portuguese legislation).
Both the Court, in judicial action, and the registrar, at the time of registration, may carry out such substitution/transposition. The decision of the registrar may be appealed before the court (Articles 140 to 146 of the Land Registry Code).
NOTE
The information contained in this factsheet is not exhaustive nor binding on the contact point, the courts or other entities and authorities. Although it is updated regularly, it may not contain all revisions made to the law, and is therefore no substitute for consulting the legal texts in force at any time.
The national language version of this page is maintained by the respective EJN contact point. The translations have been done by the European Commission service. Possible changes introduced in the original by the competent national authority may not be yet reflected in the translations. Neither the EJN nor the European Commission accept responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to any information or data contained or referred to in this document. Please refer to the legal notice to see copyright rules for the Member State responsible for this page.